Globalization: Developmental Boon Or Bane?

Globalization: Developmental Boon Or Bane? Years ago, globalization was the curious buzzword which was viewed with much optimism by much of the world, including the poor and underdeveloped nations . The merging of the worlds economies promised great opportunities for growth and development especially for Third World economies. Today, there are two prevailing sentiments on globalization: either that globalization has resulted to prosperity for the poor nations or that it has resulted to the prosperity of the rich at expense of the worlds poor (Irogbe, 2005). This paper posits that while globalization have provided a range of benefits for underdeveloped nations, the wheels of globalization has led to the widening poverty gap, the deterioration of national economies, marginalization of the South, cultural homogenization, and environmental degradation. Main Features of Globalization Globalization is a complex process which has many facets: economic, political and cultural. To understand this more concretely, discussed are the main features of globalization from the perspective of the developing world and how it is concretely manifested. Looking at globalization from a Third World lens is crucial to our understanding of it (Yotopoulous Romano, 2007). This is because, when viewed from the perspective of the First World, it is easy to appreciate the obvious benefits of globalization. For instance, globalization has enabled Americans to get hold of a wide range of products and services from all over the world. The margining of the worlds economies have allowed us to enjoy goods previously inaccessible to us because of high cost: for instance, fruits such as pineapples, bananas, and mangoes that is not homegrown in the United States. We can listen to world music, Africa, Jamaican, Latin American, and Arabic rhythms through our iPod all day long. What is not clearly visible to us is how the wheels of globalization impact the farmer in Southeast Asia, the coffee growers in Latin America, and the agricultural workers in Africa. Economic integration While faster interconnected through advanced technology and transportation is the most popular idea about globalization, globalization is a fundamentally economic phenomenon. The economic promise of free trade and free competition was supposedly designed to help Third World economies to gain market access previously impossible to penetrate (Lechner Boli, 2004). This has been true. Underdeveloped countries have been able to export their local products to developed markets unlike in the past (Sen, 2000). However, the bigger picture suggests because of the inherent asymmetries of the worlds economies, globalization also leads to asymmetrical development benefitting the rich countries more than the poor (Yotopoulous Romano, 2007). Economic integration through the merging of the global economies takes on three primary forms: liberalization, privatization, and deregulation (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000). Liberalization is the downgrading of the social goals of national development, combined with the upgrading of participation in the world market (McMichael, 2004, p. 158). This is achieved by reducing and eventually removing the barriers to flow of goods, capital, and services among countries, e.g. the removal of tariffs on agricultural products such as corn, rice, or beef. Deregulation means the reduction of the reduction of the role of governments in regulating trade and production and in providing services (Yotopoulos Romano, 2007). It adheres to the belief that the market is the most efficient and effective determinant of what should be produced and what would be consumed. Privatization in its purest sense means divestiture of state-owned enterprises or SOEs (McMichael, 2004). What used to be an ideological battl e between big government/welfare states and more marketless state has moved into the mainstream economic development debate under the guise of sound economic management and good governance (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000, p. 45). A deregulated market freed from the visible hand of government is the most efficient, less burdensome system that will result in economic progress through foreign investments, so goes the argument. Economic pragmatism and expediency are the main motives for privatizing today, driven mainly by balance-of-payment imperatives and the need to shift the burden of development from the public to the private sector (Leeds, 1990). To drive these three key strategies of economic globalization, two main institutions are responsible: the worlds transnational corporations (TNCs) and the triumvirate of public international financial institutions (Buckman, 2004). The global TNCs hold tremendous influence in global trade because it has control over investment, employment, and trading decisions which surpass the decision-making power of most developing countries. The triumvirate of the the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) act as a global overseer of the processes of economic globalization (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000). In theory, the triumvirate could be held accountable by the worlds governments but in practice, it has become a major global bureaucracy wielding enormous, largely unaccountable influence (Buckman, 2004, p. 87). The global privatization network includes multilateral and bilateral lenders, large MNCs, merchant banks, stockbrokers, accounts and manageme nt consultants, legal firms, marketing, specialist consultants, and think tanks (Leeds, 1990). The TNCs control the lions share of the world trade. The strongest among them, act more cohesively, in close cooperation with their respective governments, to assault or defend markets (Bello, 1997, p. 5). Hence, globalization also means the most intense competition even among industrialized economies. For instance, the United Sates and the business interests it represents stands to gain the most from globalization, which is why it has tried to dominate both the GATT-WTO and the APEC (Benyon Dunkerley, 2000). While imposing unilateral measures to protect its own market, the US is trying to prevent other countries from acting in the same way by invoking the principles of free trade. On another plane, many Northern governments, despite the neoliberal ideology of reducing the role of the state in economic matters, still heavily subsidize their agricultural products. These then become very ch eap and when dumped into the markets of developing countries, local products cannot compete. This explains why farmers in Chile, Latin America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia have experienced destruction of their local economies such as in textile, transport, and even agriculture (Bello, 1997; McMichael, 2004). Political marginalization Globalization has also resulted to the political asymmetries leading to the marginalization of the South. Globalization has proceeded under the premise that modernization is the key towards the genuine development of the Third World. However, the dependency theory of development suggests that modernization will only lead to increasing domination of the major world economic players to the detriment of the poor nations. The basic decisions in global trade are still influenced by the dominant countries, leaving dependent nations with few choices because the parameters have already been set by the former (Willis, 2005). It is in the South where globalization as a political process really reduces the role of the nation state in terms of deciding the direction of development through macro-economic policies. Parallel to this is the qualitative strengthening of the institutions of global economic governance (Bello, 1997, p. 8). The main mechanism for this has been the debt trap, whereby highly indebted countries are compelled to undergo structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in exchange for more loans. The infamous SAPs of the IMF, and so-called development loans from the World Bank routinely come with harsh conditionalities that require developing nations to abandon important domestic programs that serve the population. These include education, health services and environmental programs, which dont produce revenues to repay IMF and World Bank loans or interest. This system leaves countries utterly dependent upon market and pricing systems over which they have no control. Meanwhile, they have given up th e ability to determine their own destinies. The greatest mystery of course is how any of the promoters of such rules and conditions (among others) could possibly argue that these rules could help nations rise from poverty. Clearly, this is a blueprint for dependency and poverty creation. Cultural homogenization Globalization is a phenomenon that crosses and erases geographical and political borders and makes all countries start to look the same. As a result of globalization, local products, services, and cultures disappear into a global culture, a culture defined not by the global citizenry but rather the worlds economic and political superpowers mostly North America-owned corporations. Because of globalization, people on every continent are exposed to and consumed by a North American culture defined by Nike running shoes, MTV, Coca Cola, and McDonalds. Some people have re-named the process of globalization and called it McDonaldization or CocaColonization. Not only does globalization create one bland culture the world over, it forces people to arrange their lives to promote this culture. Poor Filipino farmers end up being forced off their land and into factories producing running shoes and video cameras for North Americans, Brazilian rainforests are destroyed in order to make room for giant beef farms producing hamburgers that will be consumed by the worlds richest people. Because of its focus on corporations access to the free market, globalization has led to an increase in the gap between rich and poor. The worlds poorest people have experienced deepening poverty while the incomes of a very few rich people, have soared. The arrival of the Web has raised a number of democratic possibilities. However, its decentralised structure has prevented business and the media from gaining control over it. Numerous attacks against people and organisations take place every day on the Web; taking action against them is not an easy task. Although the re is a great deal of insecurity on the Web, that does not prevent people around the world to use it for their transactions and their communications, since it is a more democratic and less controlled media (Cohen Kennedy, 2007). Conclusion The implications of globalisation for a national economy are many. Globalisation has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the world market. This is reflected in Interdependence in regard to trading in goods and services and in movement of capital. As a result domestic economic developments are not determined entirely by domestic policies and market conditions. Rather, they are influenced by both domestic and international policies and economic conditions. It is thus clear that a globalising economy, while formulating and evaluating its domestic policy cannot afford to ignore the possible actions and reactions of policies and developments in the rest of the world. This constrained the policy option available to the government which implies loss of policy autonomy to some extent, in decision-making at the national level.

This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff Essay

ii. ‘This Boy’s Life is not only about hardship; it is also about determination and resourcefulness.’ Discuss. Wolff’s memoir This Boy’s Life positions its readers to question the ability of Tobias and his mother to ‘change [their] luck’. In the midst of the post-war conservative backlash the pair are caged by societal norms that prevent them from acheiving their ‘dreams of transformation.’ Furthermore, Tobias’ impracticality and sense of entitlement lead him to reject opportunities. Despite this, the memoir ends on an optimistic note. The reader closes the novel with the belief that the lessons the pair have learned throughout their journey may offer them a chance to improve their lives. The societal norms and expectations of the 1950’s post-war America inhibit Tobias and his mother’s ability to transform their lives. Toby’s sense of self worth is completely broken by his inability to meet the era’s stereotypes of masculinity. The notion that he ‘could not break down [his] sense of being at fault to its components’ who he is reveals his inability to reconcile his identity with social expectations. Wolff juxtaposes Toby’s ‘natural’ desire to ‘seek status’ with his complete and total discomfort with this own self. The contrast between the pacifistic and loving young boy who cries at a squirrel’s funeral and the gun-toting, rebellious teenager is a stark one. It reveals the overpowering need that Toby feels to conform. The memoir reveals that way in which Tobias’ need to fit in prevents him from pursuing success. Rather than ‘change [his] luck, as he initially intended, Tobias camouflages himself in the safety of social norms and joins the army. His choice to return to the ‘clear life of uniforms, ranks and weapons’ cements his future. He decides to commit to leading an average life through conformity rather than stay true to his i dentity and pursue his  dreams of ‘status’ and wealth. Rosemary is similarly trapped by societal customs. Post-war America designates her one position in life: the role of a housewife and mother. This convention cages her, despite her attempts to escape it. The memoir emphasises the perpetual cycle of abuse that Rosemary and her son are subjected to. The opening line of the text, ‘Our car boiled over again.’, demonstrates the repetitive and fruitless nature of Rosemary’s attempts to transform her life. The inability of the 1950’s women to escape from abuse is a prevalent element of the text. It reveals the way in which such situations were treated as normal and largely ignored. The ‘strangeness’ of the cycle of abuse and oppression ‘over the years became normal’ to both Tobias and his mother. Eventually, despite her efforts to ‘run from [men she] was afraid of, Rosemary is unable to escape the pervasive violence in her life. Both she and Tobias adopt the same view of the abuse as the rest of the society does. They opt to ignore it and turn a blind eye ‘languidly [convincing themselves] that the strange noises came from cats.’ Thus, societal expectations prevent Rosemary and Tobias from acheiving their ‘dreams of transformation.’ It is not social norms alone that hinder the pair’s progress in society. Toby’s impractical and idealistic nature also damage his chances of success. He feels a sense of entitlement that prevents him from working hard to improve his circumstances. Toby manages to lie and manipulate his way into a good school, Hill, but does not put any effort to secure his future there. Instead, he considers it his ‘desire and [his] right’ to be a part of this ‘great world.’ Even the prospect of being expelled due to failing classes does not spur him into action. He simply ‘pray[s] like a moslem’ that he will be allowed to stay. In a similar manner, he also wastes opportunities to escape granted by Mr Bolger who offers him a refuge from Dwight’s abusive household. He is ‘welcomed’ by the family, yet he does nothi ng to repay their kindness. The troubles he causes them though his actions are forgivable, but his price and inability to take responsibility for his own wrongdoings destroy his chances of remaining in his adoptive home. Tobias refuses to apologise for siphoning fuel out of the neighbours’ trucks. This ‘brings shame’ on him and incites resentment from the Bolgers who have offered him a chance to change his future. Rather than take responsibility for his actions he ‘le[aves] a dummy in [his] place to look sorry†¦but [he  is] nowhere in the neighbourhood.’ This facÃŒ §ade of regret ultimately prevents him from finding a new home. Wolff’s memoir, however, closes on an optimistic note. Toby is once again on the road, ‘posed for flight’, and journeying toward a brighter future. The passage is reminiscent of the opening of the text. The difference, however, is that this time Tobias is equipped with the resilience, resourcefulness and determination that he has gained from his troubled childhood. The final lines of the memoir are full of hope as Tobias shouts ‘hymns’ at the ‘top of [his] lungs’ and drives along the road to an uncertain but optimistic future. This causes the reader to question whether his dreams of transformation have truly been ‘saved’, or whether Toby is simply filled with the same naivety that he possessed at the beginning of the memoir. The pervasive idea of ‘transformation’ and ‘chang[ing] luck’ in Wolff’s This Boy’s Life are hindered by multiple obstacles. Social norms and Toby’s personal attributes prevent the pair from transforming their lives in the memoir. The reader is left with an overwhelming sense of optimism, however though which Tobias Wolff suggests that these ‘dreams’ may eventually be realised.

A Review of Common App Essay Prompt 1 Samples

A Review of Common App Essay Prompt 1 Samples Answering this question takes a great quantity of time and research. The main reason for writing the Common App is to make an image of your nature and identity. Nevertheless, you probably have plenty of questions as yet unanswered. In case you have any additional questions, please don't hesitate to leave a comment below and we'll contact you. Of a college program, you know that you must turn in your very best work. A duplicate of your complete senior year course schedule has to be included. Just like all things associated with your college program, you will want to begin. The very good news is, I can provide help. Bear in mind that the Common App provides you with creative license. If your grades aren't the very best, the Common App essay could be your only opportunity to enhance the situation and convince the college you're a worthy student. Please get in touch with me for more information and availability. It's extremely beneficial to just just take composing aside to be capable of seeing exactly the way that it accomplishes its objectives. No prompt is inherently superior than every other. Simply take the opportunity to write skillfully. The Hidden Gem of Common App Essay Prompt 1 Samples The better part of the essay employs standard English and English grammar. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. During its core, the college application essay is about reflection. You're writing a college application essay, and you have to know about your audience. The ordinary application essay is your private statement. The purpose of the app essay is to allow them to know why you're an ideal candidate, so imagine how well it needs to be written. The Common App has made it simpler for applicants to locate a way to inform their story, that is the aim of the college admissions essay, after all. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Unless you happen to be a superb writer or employment with one. To start with, you should concentrate on your personality traits and who you are. Remember it isn't a work interview but a conversation! You would like to use these suggestions to frame your essay. So begin the procedure early, even when you will write the essays later. Moreover, supplemental essays will be added as they're released. For more information regarding this new essay topic, take a look at our infographic! Common App Essay Prompt 1 Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! You are able to explain the reason it's important to you and what you did or would do in order to get the solution. Let us know whether you've already made a decision! If there's a problem you have at any time solved or maybe would love to solve, describe it. Her essay could be speaking about handiwork, but it's likewise providing evidence of her capacity to take care of the challenges of college-level work. As a way to compose a great essay about an idea or concept, you must loop in feelings! Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that have to be solved later on. For those who haven't got a substantial failure to discuss, then move along a there are different topics to select from. Just one recommendation is needed. The 30-Second Trick for Common App Essay Prompt 1 Samples The question-writers are giving you a massive clue when they request that you describe what prompted your thinking they need to know the way your mind works. Using the exclamation mark provides the sentence that Eureka moment. It's possible for you to discuss the folks who share your passion, or the people who inspired it. Talk about the folks who share your passion, or the people who inspired it.

Characteristics of Scientific Management - 1674 Words

Introduction Scientific management can be defined from a broad sense as the endeavors made in order to come up with suitable systems in the sector of industrial production and organization. In a narrower sense, it refers to the specific principles that were championed by Fredrick Taylor who was an engineer before the First World War. Taylor focused on ways of increasing productivity and reducing waste that resulted from management controlling the labor process. It is important to realize maximum output from every individual or machine and it is only through embracing scientific management that these problems could be solved. The central way that Taylor proposed of achieving these goals was task idea which was regarded as the single most†¦show more content†¦As a result, in scientific management no benefits accrue to workers for incorporating their tacit skills in the production process. The only solution to break down problems is to reabsorb skilled workers. This is contrary to for examp le the Japanese system which used its workers continually to improve the production process. Skilled workers are only required when there is a system break down and this makes crucial people in the labor force, a chance they could use to increase their wages. Scientific management therefore develops an expensive overhead of maintaining skilled workers (Amazon, 2004). Mass Market Scientific management is very inflexible and is designed for production of limited goods to cater for a mass market. A certain size has to be reached in order to meet expenses of the centralized planning and quality control to realize economies of scale benefits. Changing products requires an expensive procedure of restructuring and as long as consumers are contended with a limited range of products, this is not treated as a problem. Different markets which are in favor of quality and distinct goods are also available and have evolved with time. 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