Sleep, napping and cyrcadian dysrhythmia in aviation Essay

Sleep, napping and cyrcadian dysrhythmia in aviation - Essay Example If fatigue is caused by a longer time period the reaction will be seen in timing errors in response sequences or less smooth control. While it will result in reducing the attention which will affect the preoccupation with single tasks or elements or even reducing audiovisual scan. Fatigue can also cause diminished memory which will lead in forgetting peripheral tasks or even reverting to â€Å"old† habit patterns. While withdrawn mood results in, less likeliness of conversing and less likely to perform low-demand tasks Circadian rhythms  are intrinsic biological clock with regular changes in mental and physical characteristics occurring every 24 to 25 hours. Many of these bodily circadian rhythms are controlled by the body’s biological "clock." This includes blood pressure, heart rate, core body temperature etc. The typical circadian cycle, performance peaks between 12pm and 9pm and falls to a minimum circadian trough between 03am and 06am. As the body clock is inherently capable of monitoring the passage of time, it differs from most clocks in that its period is flexible and must be set, or synchronized, before it can accurately predict the timing of periodic environmental events. Entrainment is accomplished by external synchronizers, Zeitgebers like at sunrise or sunset, ambient temperature, meals or by social cues. Circadian rhythm  is a modern problem and is symptomology. It directly affects our performances, mood, motivation, and behavior. It also results in sleep disturbances, lassitude, anxiety, irritability, and depression. While sometime it has slow reaction times, defective memory for recent events, errors in computations, and a tendency to accept lower standards of performance. So, if someone is rapidly traveling from one time zone to another, the body clock and rhythms it controls must resynchronize to the local geophysical and social zeitgebers. For example eastward travel shortens the day while westward travel

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example Leonardo had designed a helicopter, a tank, as well as a calculator. He had often made important discoveries on hydrodynamics, civil engineering, as well as optics. During his lifetime, he was also well reputed for his skills in engineering. The bridge was later made to span an inlet at the mouth of Bosporous, which is also known as the Golden Horn. Beyazid did not approve the project since he believed that such a bridge would not work out. Leonardo was often called as the â€Å"renaissance man† since he was extra ordinarily talented in different streams. He was a versatile genius in every sense. Leonardo was engaged in the construction of bridges for most of his life time. His revolving bridges were able to transport armies over water bodies. The bridges he designed, and got constructed for the armies, had made it easier for the armies to cross quite a vast numbers of rivers. Leonardo’s statue was erected in 2001, when a small bridge was constructed in Norway. The Turk ish Government on 17 May decided to construct Leonardo’s bridge (which he designed earlier) to span the Golden Horn. The bridge becomes a reality 500 years after its designing. It was Vebjorn Sand, an artist in Norway, who took the initiative to construct it. He saw the sketch and the miniature form of the bridge at an exhibition of Da Vinci’s architectural and engineering designs. ... â€Å"The Mona Lisa of bridges† as what people call it today was sketched by Da Vinci 500 years ago, though many thought the implementation of such a design would be impossible. Vebjorn Sand’s version of it is like this. â€Å"This is the first time any of Leonardo's architectural and civil engineering designs has been built. There have been models, but this is the first in full size," (Da Vinci Comes to Life 500 Years on, 2001). Sand was the ideal person to take up the project of the Golden Horn bridge since he was not only a famous painter but was also the one who was acclaimed for his gigantic public art installations. Now Golden Horn has become the famous water way in Istanbul and it separates England from Asia. It is quite unbelievable that the bridge was designed in 1502, and that it took 500 years for someone to convert it into a reality. Vebjorn Sand deserves accolades for it. Sand was purely influenced by the traditions of Renaissance and Baroque, and believed that â€Å"we shouldn’t live in the past, but the past should live in us† (Sahlins, 2007). For the next few years, Sand spent most of his time and effort in transforming the dream design into a reality. In 2001, the project was completed. The original version of the design was 240 meter or 720 feet stone structure, which was intended to span Golden Horn as an inlet between Istanbul and Pera. This project could not achieve its form during Da Vinci’s period since the technology of the period was not that efficient. Leonardo bridge was an elegant project with 100 meters or approximately 300 feet length. Moreover it is remarkable in its perfection of pressed-bow construction. In accordance with Da Vinci’s original plan, Sand is creating a

Schweppes Company Analysis

Schweppes Company Analysis According to the case, Cadbury Schweppes are focusing on acquisition strategy in order to complement its portfolio of chocolate, soft drinks, sugar confectionary (candy) and gum. Since its first acquisition on gum businesses which is Hollywood, Cadbury went on to bid Adams another gum business. This is because Cadbury sees that chewing gum as a very attractive category to be included into their confectionary strategy. By acquiring Adams, they will have big chances of becoming leading company in the confectionary industries. Thus, Cadbury had implemented several strategies to bid Adams from Pfizer which may lead to the sustainable competitive advantage to the company itself. The following are several strategies that Cadbury had used to bid and acquire Adams into its confectionary business. Cadbury had created a dedicated M A team, which is under Stitzers strategy group, at corporate headquarters to replace autonomous and dispersed work by local businesses. Besides that, Cadbury Schweppes brought in nearly 100 managers from divisions around the world to Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City for a two week workshop to refine the model and build commitment to the deal and the planned synergy numbers. Thirdly, Cadbury Schweppes had indentified the top tier of Adams management and began making determinations as to who they would like to keep in the event of successful acquisitions. Next strategy is the mantra Best person, right to take the most qualified candidate to match the job that best suited him or her. They also assumed the merger as the potentially transformative event. Cadbury Schweppes had developed an exhaustive integration plan in the event of a successful bid for Adams. A steering committee would be set up with integration management team, and enable teams to achieve the full potential of the merger. Each of this strategies will be evaluated with 4 variables which are value added, rare, hard to imitate, and not easily substitutable. Any of these strategies which had fulfilled all of the four criteria will lead to the sustainable competitive advantage in order to bid Adams successfully from other potential bidders like Nestle, Wrigley, Kraft, Pepsico, Mars, Hershey and Pharma companies. According to the case, Cadbury is estimated ranked as the fifth in the line of potential bidders which is behind Nestle, Kraft, Mars and Hersheys. The first strategy is creating a dedicated merger and acquisition team to replace autonomous and dispersed work by local businesses. We evaluated it as rare because not many companies would spend so many times and human capital to build a comprehensive business model of Adams and also human resources just to make one acquisitions. Besides that, there is a added value behind the team, whereby a team of talented people were gathered to make a strategic business model to bid Adams as they could see the future of Adams which can make Cadbury a leading confectionary company in the industry. It is also rather hard to imitate because the strategy of mergers and acquisitions were planned by whole department rather than just 5 people unit. This 5 people unit team is non-substitutable, as Cadbury is the first company with the team that already begun a comprehensive of Adams model of businesses which include detailed information about marketing and sales, list of potential cost and revenue syne rgies for each of 50 countries and etc. This strategy had proven how well that Cadbury analyzed on Adams before they make decisions to acquire a company. Moreover, Cadbury Schweppes brought in nearly 100 managers from divisions around the world to Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City for a two week workshop to refine the model and build commitment to the deal and the planned synergy numbers. We do not see this as rare because according to the case, competitors would have higher cost. This strategy has value creations because it has brought in the value of team work and stimulates closer relationship between managers from division of around the world. It is rather hard to imitate by many of the companies because, such strategy may require a very large cost by having two week workshop the synergy numbers that they planned in this strategy are easy to substitute because in the case, Stitzer claimed that the synergies were not large enough to support the price necessary to win the deal. Third strategy whom Cadbury Schweppes had indentified the top tier of Adams management and began making determinations as to who they would like to keep in the event of successful acquisitions. This strategy has value creation because, before Cadbury identified and analyzed their organizational culture and its top management team whether it is suitable with Cadburys corporate culture to make a successful joint business in future or not. Furthermore, this strategy is considered as rare as it will help increase possibility of becoming the preferred purchaser for Adams as well Pfizer who is currently the CEO of Adams. It is also not easy to imitate by competitors, as not many top executives can win the chance to know Adams detailed corporate information as what Cadburys do. This strategy would be difficult to substitute by other competitors. For example Nestle, as they do not have much information about Adam especially regarding their corporate culture whether it would culturally fit wi th them or not, although they have large capitals to bid Adams over Cadbury. The fourth strategy with the mantra Best person, right job which means human resources will take the best qualified candidate to match the job that best suited him or her. Added value created by having the most qualified and talented employee to produce the best quality job for the company. Besides that, it is rare, because every company is unsure that it had any of their employees who could lead the large American divisions if Adams is successfully acquired. It is also hard to substitute as many managers did not have the experience to run an integrated business on a global scale. However, the mantra or slogan that Cadbury carry with them are easily imitated by others as every company have the same objectives to employ the best employee in order to help the company to achieve the utmost results as well as to improve productivity. They assume the merger as the potentially transformative event. This strategy has value added element where it is an opportunity to centralize, transform practices and create more shared services. Besides that, it is also rare that only Stitzer believed that this kind of acquisition may motivate others to accept changes towards better improvement. Furthermore, acquisition on Adams is something new on both cultural and social on the company itself. With such strategy in mind of every executives is hard and difficult to adapt my every organizations, as not everyone especially the senior executives will accept new changes or new cultural when a company are merged and have to change their rules and organizations which has caused this strategy hard to imitate. However, Cadburys senior managers foresee the merger and acquisition as an opportunity to restructure a new business model for Cadbury towards achieving leading confectionary company. There is very less substitute as Cadbury who wil l have a very motivating thinking towards accepting new changes which help the company to achieve sustainable advantage. Cadbury Schweppes had developed an exhaustive integration plan in the event of a successful bid for Adams. Such plan is rare because, within 90 days, all validation and planning of the synergies has to be complete and new synergy projects that needed to Beat the Model to be identified and mapped out. In addition, the plan is quite hard to imitate, as all the bidding preparation are required to work out within a short time and period whereby there is no other teams or competitors that could work out a successful integration plan in such a short period. Furthermore, we find out that it is quite hard to find another similar merger that could implement an integration will all the detailed work plan as well as synergy projects to be done within 60 days. Within the first 90 days monthly, all the monthly status report about merger integration and applicable synergies will begin in each department of the company itself, which indicated that the Cadbury has added value in terms of building st rategic plan to acquire Adams compared to other competitors. A steering committee would be set up with integration management team and enabler teams to achieve the full potential of the merger. This strategy contains regional value capture teams as well as functional value capture teams which are important to drive the company towards achieving sustainable competitive advantage. This is also rare because it is necessary to prepare huge amount of human resources to manage several teams in carrying out the integration plan. Furthermore, it is not easily imitated by competitors as not many companies would have interest to focus and spend time to organize a huge number of human capital to implement an integration plan just on the acquisition strategy which the company that acquired are not 100 percent would bring profits for the company itself. Besides that, Adams will also find hard to find other bidders like Cadbury whom had been making deep analysis and study about the corporate detailed information and there are some business similarities betw een Cadbury and Adams. In conclusion, out of so many strategies that Cadbury had implemented, only some of the strategies can lead to sustainable competitive advantage as they had fulfilled 4 criteria, namely added value, rare, hard to imitate and hard to substitute. The strategies are: (1) creating dedicated merger and acquisition team to replace autonomous and dispersed work by local businesses; (2) indentifying the top tier of Adams management and begin making determinations as to who they would like to keep in the event of successful acquisitions; (3) assume the merger as the potentially transformative event; (4) developed an exhaustive integration plan in the event of a successful bid for Adams; and (5) setting up steering committee with integration management team, and enabler teams to achieve the full potential of the merger

Nihilism and Existentialism in Cormac McCarthys The Crossing Essay

Nihilism and Existentialism in Cormac McCarthy's The Crossing Cormac McCarthy's second book in The Border Trilogy offers an impressive array of worldviews all competing together in the larger narrative framework of the novel. These are not only expressed through the life of the protagonist Billy Parham and his brother Boyd, but also in the narratives of the many people they encounter on their horseback journeys through the hot desert sands of Mexico. Critic Robert L. Jarrett, associate professor of English at the University of Houston-Downtown, suggests the same in Cormac McCarthy, noting that "Despite the claims of the ex-priest [in The Crossing] that all men's tales are one, such visions or tales are individual, highly particularized, hence the necessity for the interpolated tales, each containing a unique vision of the world" (147). He goes on to suggest that "The McCarthy novel is not only stylistically divided in its narration and in its inclusion of regional and professional dialects, but it is also divided among contradictory ideological , philosophical, and ethical visions that resist easy integration into a unified ideology by readers or critics" (Jarrett, 147). In my own reading of The Crossing, however, I propose that a compelling case can be built for an overarching view of existentialism-if not its marriage to the dark-skinned nihilism-under the watchful and perhaps complacent eye of God as the Unknowable, Impersonal Absolute: the "wholly" Other. The minute the word nihilism is introduced into the topic of discussion, visions of actively participating in the tearing down of creeds and the intentional destruction of all moral, philosophical, and religious values present themselves to the mind. Nihilism to many ... ...pp. 31-41. DISCovering Authors. Gale Group, 1999. Reproduced in Discovering Collection. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. October, 2001. Accessed: July 27, 2003. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/DC/. Jarrett, Robert L. Cormac McCarthy. New York: Twain Publishers, 1997. McCarthy, Cormac. The Crossing. New York, Knopf: 1994. Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism." The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed: July 27, 2003. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm. Priola, Marty. "The Textual McCarthy I: 'Christian' readings of the novels." The Cormac McCarthy Home Pages. Accessed: July 27, 2003. http://www.cormacmccarthy.com/archives/textual.htm. (Note: Link no longer valid as of January 06, 2004.) Wyatt, Christopher Scott. "Existentialism: An Introduction." Christopher Scott Wyatt. Accessed: July 27, 2003. http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/exist.html.

Summary of findings

Dear Mr. Manager: Below are some of the important discoveries I made concerning people that I and a couple of others in the company will be familiarizing myself with in the coming days. I believe that these details will minimize difficulties in communicating with Cuban locale. Cuba is known as a country both by its cigar and the fact that it is ruled by Fidel Castro. After the collapse of Soviet communism, Cuba still remains to be a Socialist state. What is the people like and how should one conduct him/herself when in Cuba especially doing business in the country? It’s a predominantly Catholic country, with traditions intermingling with culture, sprinkled with African Animist beliefs. The family is all-important; the hub of Cuban life. There is very little gender bias, hence women can hold government positions and can compete. Machismo is not an issue here unlike many of its counterparts in Latin America. Cubans are said to be cordial and convivial hence tourism has exceeded since the 1980s. In fact, it is the only Cuban source for the necessary foreign exchange. Tourism’s increase is quite due to its people; they are affable, very hospitable and generous. In terms of Cuban’s apparel, they are used to casual clothes but short pants in the thoroughfare are generally not their custom. Unless there is a need to attend a formal occasion where it would be typical for men to wear a jacket and a tie, men are otherwise not too formal in their day-to-day interactions, though Cubans love to dress up during their evening socializing events. Even in the cities it’s important that tourists should wear closed shoes since the streets are dirty. Observing time consciousness, Cubans usually have a lot of time to do for all the things that needed to be pursued; hence, that being late is more fashionable than arriving earlier. Meetings allotted for the business nature of the work, Cubans are said to think of the same. They tend to accept being late as part of their natural pride. Since they are relational types of people, they have the understanding that these are all preparations. Though one may arrive in the workplace on time, being late is not a big deal because for them relationships take time. In this mindset, business is built on relationship and so therefore, business will only thrive in that context. Though Spanish is spoken by the population, Cubans have developed different meanings with certain words that had been widely used. To illustrate, it is a big mistake if one mentions the word â€Å"papaya† because this had evolved into what is referred to as the female genitalia. In addition, â€Å"guaguas† simply means city buses. â€Å"The special period† that may be present among their conversations specifically meant the â€Å"time after the soviet fall. â€Å"Adios† has become to many people something with different connotations; it is more than â€Å"goodbye† but it is frequently used as â€Å"hello† communication. Another term is â€Å"Amarillo† which is attributed to traffic policemen and their outfits suited for your ages and â€Å"plan jaba† is a public policy allowing Cuban women who work to do their shopping. People here are conscious of titles, thus, it is perfectly advisable that whatever credentials a person possesses must be duly recognized. If one encourages conversation to take place, families and children are obviously to be good starters and topics that are â€Å"no-nos† are the 1988 grape export scare, politics or the human rights and the activism that pervades in the minds of Cuban citizenry. A guest should avoid using the first name of another until the other invites the other to do so. Calling a person with just only a â€Å"psst-psst† sound is normal for them and is not construed as rudeness. Reference: Foster, Dean. Understanding the Cuban Socialist Experiment. Cuba? Accessed August 1, 2007.   

Jupiter Transit

Simms Lagan/ Leo Ascendant would have Jupiter transiting the 12th House in exaltation and so spiritual pursuits, knowledge at the feet of the GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru and following of favorable routines will happen which will lead to healthy sleep. If there are afflictions to the 12th House in the Lagan chart for this Ascendant then these may be cured and eased during this period. The events leading up to a goal would be paved not only with good intentions but with good actions and all that begins well, well, begins well, in a departure from the click ©.The Leo ?rÃ'ËœNavaho Chart of the Jupiter transit- Before we proceed let us look at the inner energies prevailing with Jupiter at the time of the transit into Cancer. The Naves/ Navaho Charka at the time of transit is given below- Navaho Yoga- We can see that Jupiter is Joined Mars in GuruÃ'Ëœ-Maxilla/ Guru-Managua Yoga and is aspect by Venus/ guar/ Sahara. Not only does GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru have the prowess of Mars to express itself but it has the locked eye debate with Venus as well who insists on coming forth with his mundane and pragmatic knowledge.The Did-GuruÃ'Ëœ Yoga in the Naves Charka for the transit has great potential for learning and growth and expanding one's horizons. While on this theme the readers can experiment with Vary Gorham/ transits reckoned in the divisional charts of the horoscope and see what sort of inferences emerge. NSubsequent papers on this website will cover the transits of Rah/ Rah to Kane RSi/ Kenya Rash/ Virgo and Skeet to Mina RSi/Mean/Pisces as well as of Saturn to Scorpio/ gain n VÃ'Ÿkick RSi/ Varnishing Rash later in the year. This is also important because the planets for a variety of reasons form pairs-of- opposites. While Jupiter is optimism, Saturn is pessimism, and so happiness and sadness, success and failure, expansion and constriction, growth and decay are all instances of this pollarded continuum.For these reasons the planets must be considered together. Similar is the situation when it comes to studying Jupiter on the one hand and the Rah-Skeet axis on the other. On many occasions antithetical features emerge but then this should only be taken as a basic thumb rule without more at this stage. Jupiter forms a great function for Aries/ Map/ Mesh Lagan as it transits through the 4th Behave/ Behave in exaltation. This is a Kidder Behave/ Kenned Behave/ quadrant house, and its auspiciousness is greatly heightened with the exalted energy of GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru.We would always do well to remember that Jupiter is properly the representative of divinity in any horoscope and always seeks to do good for the person. It gives unconditionally and leads one to life changing realizations and knowledge depending on its strength in the horoscope. Significations such as home, mother, properties and education stand to be greatly unfitted depending on the combinations prevailing in the horoscope. The 4th is also the Sushi Behave and there is none better than Jupiter to bring lasti ng and meaningful happiness.Impact of Aspect/ Diarist of Transit Jupiter- In these descriptions we should also remember the power of the aspects of Jupiter which it casts through its special Graham Dir$I/ Graham Diarist/ planetary aspect. The 5th House aspect of Jupiter falls on the sign of Scorpio/ Avarice/ Varnishing. There are two rudimentary ways in which we can appreciate this. Firstly, the future of Cancer is illuminated through depth and occult. The best of these matters stands to mom through now with Guru informing the sign with its aspect.Secondly, Scorpio as a sign in itself receives the special aspect and benefits, both generally, understanding its own Karma and learning ways to do something about it, and specifically through structured precept since Karat/ Karat is the 9th sign of the Guru and religion when reckoned from Scorpio. Scorpio is in luck from June to November, 2014 when Sans/ Shania decides to enter the sign. Which are likely to come during this period very se riously and to use them to the utmost because there is no opportunity cost in availing the grace of Jupiter.Of course al this applies to only those charts to which it does, but then that goes without saying. For Sagittarius though, it may be an intriguing time and this in itself is an interesting consequence since Jupiter rules Daunts/ Danish Lagan. But Cancer is the 8th House from Sagittarius and for any nativity with Danna Lagan rising this is a challenging placement in the radix. The 8th House is unfathomable and adversely effects the natural benefice placed here. So ironically, for Deanna Lagan the advisory will be to take care of their health, intelligence and thoughts. Not so for those with Sagittarius ?rÃ'ËœHere the persons with such a placement will be able to get into fruitful relationships with others with the highest ethics and in work shall have ready access to resources which complement their goals and programs. Readers can appreciate that this also ties in with the oth er transit for Sagittarius especially the Moon sign/ Ganja RSi/ Ganja Rash since the ingress into Scorpio of the planet Saturn will signal the commencement of the Eased-Sati where the entire societal and psychological make-up of the person is altered. Taurus individuals stand on something similar when it comes to the footing, specially those of Barabbas/ Brainwash Lagan.Jupiter is transiting the 3rd House from the Lagan which relates to matters which Jupiter is not entirely comfortable with. It is also called the Adducing Behave. The positive or the silver lining, and it is quite a notable one, is that there is Baggy/ Baggy Yoga formed by the 7th House aspect of Jupiter in the 3rd House. Relevance of the Marina Karakas Stand- As I often write, the Maraca Karma Stash/ Marina Karakas Stand positions of planets are important and GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru is in Maraca Karma Stash in the 3rd Behave from the Lagan.Matters indicated by Jupiter in the natal horoscope especially if its planetary period is running in the Ads/ Dash system will tend to be tested. The position is not much better in those horoscopes where the ?rÃ'ËœPlease do not wear a yellow sapphire/ Pagers/ Pushchair stone under any resistances if you should have this combination in the natal horoscope and do not Mina Lagan/ Pisces Ascendant is blessed by the 9th House Graham Dir$I/Graham Diarist/ planetary aspect of transit Jupiter and also happens to be the own sign of the planet. For this reason the sating from knowledge which is brought by the blessings of Jupiter is of a high order for this sign during the sojourn of GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru in Karat RSi/ Karat Rash.Jupiter transiting in the 5th House in exaltation blesses the children and their intelligence and performance in studies and work will climb favorably. Thoughts ND internal make-up of Pisces, powerful appointments and advisory roles will come to the forefront. Decisions made during this time will bode well for the future. The position is equally good if not better for the Mina ?rÃ'ËœSpeculation will yield great benefits and finance appears to be a very lucrative dimension; as a professional pursuit during this time, finance professionals will feel the boost during these otherwise slow times. For Kenya ?rÃ'ËœFor those with Kenya Lagan rising in the Lagan chart/ RSi Charka/ Rash Charka, a highly stabilizing influence comes to the working of the mind of the Virgo individual and all the information gathering and the confusion and that search for elusive refection and complete logical explanation for all things, starts to fall into place. The Eased-Sati is also on the verge of ending but as stated, more on that in a later paper at the appropriate time. Capricorn Ascendant/ Maker Lagan finds their world of marriage, partnerships, and direct personal interaction changing.The concept of natural Pad tells us that it is the 7th House which truly reflects the happiness in the heart and the real Sushi. Jupiter as the Sushi Karakas in exaltation bl esses this facet of life. The workaholic haze is aided for Capricorn ?rÃ'ËœStay true to your ethical parameters and this will then show well in life. Kumara Lagan/ Aquarius Ascendant finds that the vehement enmity is no longer that not comfortable with undergoes a sea change and higher ground is attained. Substance addictions, alcohol, nicotine and drug use will now be helped by the tremendous care and awareness brought about by Jupiter. When these enemies thin are handled then the path of one's growth through effort and action is rendered more accessible.The position is very different for those with Aquarius ?rÃ'ËœThis is Mall Yoga and can lead to a spotless and perfect performance in the chosen sphere of work. In the Libra ?rÃ'ËœFinances and food, and the absence of unworthy secrets all illuminate life. For the Gemini ?rÃ'Ëœ